ST Full Form-Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Tribes in India: History, Rights, Challenges, and Government Policies 

Introduction 

Scheduled Tribes (STs) are indigenous communities in India recognized by the Constitution for their distinct social, cultural, and economic status. These communities have historically faced marginalization, socio-economic disadvantages, and discrimination, prompting the government to introduce special provisions for their protection and development. 

The term "Scheduled Tribes" was first used in the Government of India Act, 1935, and later incorporated into the Indian Constitution under Article 366(25). This article explores the history, rights, challenges, government initiatives, and the role of STs in India's development. 

Definition and Identification of Scheduled Tribes 

The Constitution of India does not define Scheduled Tribes explicitly but provides criteria for identifying them based on: 

Primitive traits and distinct culture 

Geographical isolation 

Social and economic backwardness 

Shyness of contact with the larger community 

The President of India, in consultation with state governments, notifies a list of Scheduled Tribes for each state and union territory. As per the 2011 Census, India has over 705 recognized Scheduled Tribes, constituting 8.6% of the total population. 

Historical Background 

Scheduled Tribes have been an integral part of India's history, with rich cultural traditions, indigenous knowledge, and close ties to nature. However, they have faced land displacement, forced assimilation, and economic exploitation since colonial times. 

The British era policies led to the loss of tribal autonomy and alienation from their traditional lands. Post-independence, the Indian government introduced several constitutional safeguards and welfare programs to promote their socio-economic development. 

Constitutional Safeguards and Rights of Scheduled Tribes 

To ensure the protection and upliftment of Scheduled Tribes, the Indian Constitution provides various rights and safeguards. 

1. Educational & Employment Rights 

Reservation in education and government jobs under Articles 15(4) and 16(4). 

Special scholarships and financial aid for tribal students. 

2. Political Representation 

Reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies (Article 330 and 332). 

Formation of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Advisory Councils (Fifth and Sixth Schedules). 

3. Land and Forest Rights 

The Forest Rights Act, 2006, provides STs with ownership rights over forest land and resources. 

Protection against land alienation and forced displacement. 

4. Social and Cultural Safeguards 

Protection of indigenous languages, customs, and traditions. 

Special welfare programs to support tribal artisans, farmers, and communities. 

Challenges Faced by Scheduled Tribes 

Despite constitutional safeguards, Scheduled Tribes continue to face significant socio-economic challenges. 

1. Land Displacement and Loss of Livelihood 

Industrialization, mining, and large-scale projects have led to the displacement of ST communities. 

Limited access to agricultural land and forest resources affects their traditional occupations. 

2. Poverty and Unemployment 

High illiteracy rates and lack of skill development programs hinder employment opportunities. 

Many tribal communities remain dependent on subsistence farming and unorganized labor. 

3. Health and Nutrition Issues 

Malnutrition, high infant mortality rates, and lack of healthcare facilities are major concerns. 

Traditional medical practices are often overlooked in mainstream healthcare. 

4. Educational Backwardness 

Low literacy rates due to language barriers, poor infrastructure, and economic constraints. 

High dropout rates among tribal students, especially girls. 

5. Social Discrimination and Exploitation 

Despite legal protections, STs face social exclusion, discrimination, and violence. 

Bonded labor and human trafficking remain persistent issues in some regions. 

Government Schemes and Policies for Scheduled Tribes 

To address these challenges, the Indian government has implemented various welfare schemes and development programs. 

1. Educational Schemes 

Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Provides quality education for tribal students. 

Post-Matric and Pre-Matric Scholarships: Financial aid for higher education. 

2. Economic and Employment Initiatives 

Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED): Supports tribal artisans and entrepreneurs. 

Stand-Up India Scheme: Provides loans for ST entrepreneurs. 

3. Health and Nutrition Programs 

National Tribal Health Mission: Focuses on improving healthcare access in tribal areas. 

Special Nutrition Schemes: Targets malnutrition among tribal children and women. 

4. Forest and Land Rights Initiatives 

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006: Ensures land ownership and forest access for STs. 

5. Infrastructure and Livelihood Development 

Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana: Encourages tribal entrepreneurship. 

Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP): Focuses on economic empowerment and infrastructure development. 

Role of Scheduled Tribes in India’s Development 

Scheduled Tribes contribute significantly to India’s cultural diversity, environmental conservation, and economic growth. 

1. Preservation of Indigenous Knowledge 

STs play a key role in biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource management. 

Traditional knowledge in medicine, agriculture, and handicrafts is valuable for economic development. 

2. Contribution to the Handicraft and Arts Sector 

Tribal communities produce unique textiles, pottery, and artwork that enhance India's cultural heritage. 

Government initiatives promote tribal crafts in national and international markets. 

3. Participation in Governance and Policy-Making 

Tribal leaders and representatives actively contribute to policy formulation and local governance. 

Increased participation in Panchayati Raj Institutions and Self-Help Groups (SHGs). 

Scheduled Tribes are an integral part of India’s social, cultural, and economic fabric. Despite historical challenges, government policies, affirmative actions, and tribal empowerment programs have helped improve their socio-economic conditions. 

However, effective implementation of welfare schemes, protection of land rights, and access to quality education and healthcare remain critical for their holistic development. By recognizing and promoting tribal heritage, skills, and traditions, India can ensure inclusive growth and sustainable development for Scheduled Tribes.